Organizational Behavior Leadership

Every organization has a hierarchical order that dictates its leadership structure. This in turn affects the behavior of both employees and managers. Such is the case experienced in Corporation A. This work describes each of the five bases of power and their relationship with dependency, in respect to Corporation A.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The five bases of power Power can be defined as the possible ability of an individual or group to exert control over another individual or group (Griffin and Moorhead, 2009, p. 375). In an organization, there can be five bases of power including â€Å"legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and referent power† (Griffin and Moorhead, 2009, p. 375). Legitimate power, basically, similar to authority, is exercised based on the position that one holds in an organization. It rests in the certainty among staff members that their manager reserves the discretion to give directions and orders due to the position he or she holds in the organization. Therefore, employees will agree with the manager’s orders that depend on the position within the organization that he or she holds. However, although workers may concur with regard to legitimate power, they may do so without a feeling of dedication and full cooperation. For example, in Corporation A, both the marketing and the accounting managers give various directions to their employees based on their respective positions within the organization. Whereas the marketing manager encourages the staff members to work for more than the forty hours in a week for promise of rewards, the accounting manager on the other hand, reserves the mandate to grant the accountant the chance to work within a compressed time schedule of four-week days. Reward power refers to the employer’s ability to accord some rewards to employees. The rewards m ay be in terms of either monetary form or adjusted work programs. Rather than giving out tangible benefits such as money, managers are supposed to grant more of intangible benefits. For example, in corporation A, employer 1 is anticipating a reward in form of bonus to secure a decent vacation. This is because of his extended working period. The marketing manager encourages employees to work beyond the normal schedule for promise of bonus. The accounting manager decides to shorten the number of days required to work in a week for employee 2. The accounting manager has the power to grant this benefit to this employee only in the accounting department. It should be noted that, although rewards may at times motivate employees to work hard, the only problem is that they divert the workers’ focus from their job assignments to the rewards placed before them.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Referent power is drawn from an individual’s charismatic influence on others. Due to the individual’s traits, attitude, and behavior, people are likely to associate more with him or her (Wagner and Hollenbeck, 2009, p. 217). For example, in Corporation A, employee 3 is charismatic and positive. This has made him to be liked by other employees within the sales department. Despite his short working tenure at the organization, he emerges as a team leader in implementing a sales pitch that is likely to improve the Corporation’s sales. Expert power on the other hand is vested in employees’ belief that one possesses a specific a high-level knowledge or skill. Managers may therefore be â€Å"accorded authority based on the perception of their greater knowledge of the tasks at hand than their employees† (Wagner and Hollenbeck, 2009, p. 217). For example, both the marketing and accounting managers are able to give directions in Corporation A because of their respective specialized skill with regard to marketing, accounting, and management. Additionally, employee 2 is the only certified public accountant in the organization. As such, he is the only employee who can prepare financial statements as well as have his work schedule adjusted. Coercive power implies a situation where an employer has the ability to give orders to employees, which causes them to comply for fear of punishment. Circumstances under which coercion may apply include periods of economic crisis, when organizations aim at streamlining their operations for maximum efficiency, and generally threats to the organization’s survival. For example, the marketing manager’s order to the employees to work extra time may coerce them to work hard for fear of not being superiorly rated and hence losing their rewards. Relationship Between the Bases of Power demonstrated In Corporation A and dependency Managers in organizations can enhance dependency upon various bases of power by ensuring inter-departmental reliability and scarcity of resources (Kondalkar, 2009, p. 420). First, expert power demonstrated by employee 2 who is the only certified public accountant creates a greater dependency by the organization on his services. This is because, other than him, there is no one else to prepare the company’s financial statements. Besides this, expert power expressed through the presence of the two managers: marketing and accounting managers necessitates scarcity of human resources (managerial). This enhances the employees’ dependency on the two in terms of decision-making and any other related responsibility. This is due to the legitimate power held by the two. Secondly, referent power demonstrated by employee 3 due to his charismatic personality sets him apart in the organization’s sales department. He is depended upon in the creation and implementation of an idea that boosts the company’s sales.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, the reward power demonstrated by the marketing manager in granting bonuses to employees who work overtime causes most of employees to depend on the bonuses to accomplish some of their personal projects in life apart from improving their image as employees. For example, employee 1 is relying on the bonus to afford a decent vacation that would have been impossible without it. Conclusion The five bases of power are very important in an organization. Reward power involves one having influence over benefiting results. Coercive power enables manager to have power due to punishing outcomes. Legitimate power enables managers to have control due to their respective positions of authority. Expert power is derived from one’s ability to possess expertise, special skill, and knowledge over the rest in an organization. Re ferent power is drawn from one’s charisma, and personality that makes them to be liked by others. All these bases of power have a way of creating dependency within an organization. References Griffin, R.W., and Moorhead, G. (2009). Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations. South Western, Mason: Cengage Learning. Kondalkar, V. G. (2009). Organization Effectiveness and Change Management. New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited. Wagner, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R. (2009). Organizational Behavior: Securing Competitive Advantage. New York: Routledge. 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Learn About Redox Problems With an Example

Learn About Redox Problems With an Example In oxidation-reduction or redox reactions, it is important to be able to identify which atoms are being oxidized and which atoms are being reduced. To identify if an atom is either oxidized or reduced, you only have to follow the electrons in the reaction. Example Problem Identify the atoms that were oxidized and which atoms were reduced in the following reaction:Fe2O3 2 Al → Al2O3 2 FeThe first step is to assign oxidation numbers to each atom in the reaction. The oxidation number of an atom is the number of unpaired electrons available for reactions.Review these  rules for assigning oxidation numbers.Fe2O3:The oxidation number of an oxygen atom is -2. 3 oxygen atoms have a total charge of -6. To balance this, the total charge of the iron atoms must be 6. Since there are two iron atoms, each iron must be in the 3 oxidation state. To summarize, -2 electrons per oxygen atom, 3 electrons for each iron atom.2 Al:The oxidation number of a free element is always zero.Al2O3:Using the same rules for Fe2O3, we can see there are -2 electrons for each oxygen atom and 3 electrons for each aluminum atom.2 Fe:Again, the oxidation number of a free element is always zero.Put all this together in the reaction, and we can see where the electrons went:Iron we nt from Fe3 on the left side of the reaction to Fe0 on the right. Each iron atom gained 3 electrons in the reaction.Aluminum went from Al0 on the left to Al3 on the right. Each aluminum atom lost three electrons.Oxygen stayed the same on both sides.With this information, we can tell which atom was oxidized and which atom was reduced. There are two mnemonics to remember which reaction is oxidation and which reaction is reductions. The first one is OIL RIG:Oxidation Involves Loss of electronsReduction Involves Gain of electrons.The second is LEO the lion says GER.Lose Electrons in OxidationGain Electrons in Reduction.Back to our case: Iron gained electrons so iron was oxidized. Aluminum lost electrons so aluminum was reduced.

An assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An assignment - Essay Example The equipment in the trauma unit must be suitable for trauma imaging, and consequently, the radiographers must be aware of the differences between a trauma imaging unit and a general imaging unit. In a range of client groups, the techniques should be suitably adapted, and the equipment must permit this. The radiographers should be able to analyse trauma images, and if they deliver inadequate information, they must suggest complementary investigations to aid diagnosis and treatment. The anatomical knowledge should be thorough, so depending on the target area of imaging, there may be need for adaptation of position, and during trauma imaging, the radiographer should demonstrate these skills. Trauma patients are exposed to the risk of changing clinical situations even during imaging, and the trauma radiographer must demonstrate awareness about the dynamics of a changing situation during imaging (Murray et al., 2008, 289) Taking a detailed history and examination of the patient may provide a working diagnosis, so the radiographer is able to understand and deduce the mechanism of injury. In some cases due consideration must be given to the fact that sometimes imaging may not add value to the management of the condition but may aggravate the situation due to manipulation during imaging. In most cases there is significant time penalty, and thus delay due to unnecessary imaging may be avoided. Additionally, performing an imaging in an inappropriate indication leads to the breach of laws related to radiation exposure. Using the knowledge of anatomy and possible mechanism of trauma would lead to correct area, correct positioning, and correct view of the image. Sometimes, this approach would lead to a prediction about further views. It is important to focus on the correct area for imaging since large field of views may cause missing of subtle injuries. When a fracture is suspected always two views

Social learning theory by Albert Bandura Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Social learning theory by Albert Bandura - Essay Example The behaviors acquired by individuals usually learned to use observation through modeling. People observe other people’s actions and activities, and then the behaviors performed. Resulting to coding of information, this serves as a guide for their actions. Learning, therefore, becomes the critical issue to be considered. Realization of effective learning has been made possible through the availability of learning theories. Learning theories are framework describing different ways of absorbing information, processing, and how this information is normally retained during the process of learning. Learning is significant in bringing out cognitive, environmental influences, emotional and experience for acquiring different qualities. These qualities include values; effecting changes in the individual’s knowledge and how they view the world learning theories have of significance in the definition of personal philosophies especially to teachers. Learning theories normally categ orized into different categories, which include behaviorism, constructivism and cognitive. Behaviorism learning put emphasis on aspects, which can be observed, cognitive learning, on the other hand, cognitive learning theories not only looks at the observable behaviors, but also tries to explain learning, which are mainly becoming brain-based. Constructivism, however, looks learning as a process where the learner builds new concepts and ideas. Albert Bandura is one of the known theorists who contributed significantly in learning theories; he came up with the social learning theory (McLeod, 2011). The social learning theory is a class of behaviorism theory; the theory is most significant in criminology. Albert Bandura believed that aggression in learning, which normally learned through behavior modeling. The theorist hold a believe that violent tendencies by individuals usually not inherited but rather modeled through various principles. He argued that persons acquire responses throu gh observing other people’s behavior, by means of media, environment or observing personally. He then stated that individuals holds a believe that aggression mainly accompanied by reinforcements. The reinforcements usually formulated into tension reduction, building of self-esteem, acquiring financial rewards and gaining praise from others. Albert Bandura in his Bobo doll experiment, find out how children would imitate the adults when they are aggressive when they gain rewards, his interest was largely in development of a child. He believed that early diagnosis of aggression in children would lead to children reframing from becoming adult criminals. He then argued children aggression normally influenced by the reinforcement they acquire from their family members, environment and the media. Albert Bandura’s experiment, the Bobo doll experiment, t is significant because it triggers several studies to be conducted concerning the effects of social learning theory. The topi c was significant in that it will determine the extent of aggression among children, in relation to observational learning. Albert Bandura the father of social learning theory was born in 1925, in Mundare Canada. In his early stages of life, Bandura was raised in a small farming community, in his hometown, in Canada. In 1949, Bandura received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of British Colombia he also obtains his Ph.D in 1952 from the Universi

Project Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Management - Research Paper Example PM has appeared as an efficient tool for addressing the intricate needs as well as requirements of present business environment. Moreover, PM is a type of management discipline which strengthens various economic activities of a company within an industry. Project Management Institute (PMI) is an internationally recognized not-for-profit membership organization for the profession of project management. PMI consists of 600,000 members as well as official document holders in over 185 nations (Bialaszewski 1-17). There are various phases or processes of PM by which a project should be managed in various steps and these entire steps are interrelated with each other. Project is managed by planning, implementing, monitoring and controlling procedures. The first step is the initializing process, where objective and scope of project is clearly defined. The objective of the project depends on the business requirement (Bialaszewski 1-17). The second step is planning process. ... Moreover, in this phase, project manager is responsible to analyze whether or not extra fund is required for executing the project (Bialaszewski 1-17). The fourth step is controlling procedure; as in this step project manager is responsible for controlling as well as rescheduling the entire project to keep the process on right track. Essentially, in this stage, customers’ deliverables are created as well as project manager is accountable for quality pledge and deliverable signoff (Bialaszewski 1-17). The final step is the project closing stage. In this stage, reflection on the success of the project takes place. It is reviewed that what kind of possible changes if any would be implemented if similar project is conducted in future (Bialaszewski 1-17). Communication is one of the most important aspects within a team to make sure of best potential outcomes. When PM processes are utilized in order to complete a project, an effective communication is essential within a team. From t he first stage of PM process if the planning thoughts are not communicated in a timely, accurately and relevant way then there would be a considerable obstruction in the completion of any project (Bialaszewski 1-17). ‘Emotional Intelligence’ is one of the crucial aspects than ‘Intelligence Quotient’ in envisaging leadership success. A project leader is assigned to work with members of various attitudinal types in order to complete a project, thus the project leader needs to demonstrate the quality of emotional intelligence in decision making (Bialaszewski 1-17). Time management and cost are the two necessary considerations which are intrinsic to quality of any project. Moreover, inefficient

Native American Healing And Spirituality Religion Essay

Native American Healing And Spirituality Religion Essay It is a long held belief that Native Americans migrated to the Americas from northeast Asia, hundreds of years before Europeans arrived. Their culture and religion travelled along with them and were further developed and transformed over time according to the environment and region in which they finally settled. Together we will examine some of the different spiritual and religious beliefs and healing techniques that have remarkably withstood the test of time. In modern European and American cultures, examining both healing and spirituality would result in a rather broad spectrum. But in traditional Native American culture that many still honor today, healing and religion are very much hand in hand. To heal the body, one must simultaneously heal the soul. All healing ceremonies begin with prayer and are led by a medicine man. We will refer to healers in general as healers rather than medicine men or women simply because there are far too many terms in different languages and nations that would in some way translate into medicine men or women. In different Native American cultures, healers do much more than just heal. They are the spiritual leaders of their people. To an English speaker, a medicine is something used to treat disease or enhance well-being. Native Americans accept this definition, but in the context of traditional culture, the word medicine has a much broader and richer meaning. Medicine means the presence and power embodied in or demonstrated by a person, a place, an event, an object, or a natural phenomenon (Cohen, 2003, p. 27, para. 5). Healing and religion, in traditional terms, is deeply rooted in the natural world. Nature itself has incredible healing powers. From the many trees, plants, and roots that are important curative ingredients, to the simple practice of walking along and reveling in the beauty of the tremendous gift our Great Creator has given us, it is all good medicine. In fact, the practice of walking amongst nature and allowing your spirit to communicate with nature has a name; it is called, walking the truth. Walking the truth means to walk a spiritual path through life and remaining in motion; that is, realizing that spirituality is dynamic rather than passive. The spiritual person does not meditate in a cave waiting for enlightenment. Instead, he or she values what Tibetan Buddhists call meditation in action, a spirituality that is fully engaged with life (Cohen, 2003, p.92). There is also another reason for walking with nature, to locate and obtain herbs, plants, and roots that aid in the healing of common ailments. For instance, if you come down with a stomach ache, you might try chewing some pine resin. Or if your child develops Thrash, try boiling some bark from a Persimmon tree and using the infusion to wash his or her mouth (Speck, 1944). There are hundreds, perhaps thousands of natural remedies that have been used for thousands of years by indigenous peoples. They may sound absolutely absurd to a modern physician, but one must respect the fact that there is a reason for their continued use; they work! Another important concept in Native American healing and religion is finding and understanding your own spirit and getting oriented in the realm of the sacred. The sacred hoop and the four winds represent everything in the natural world. Think about all of things in nature that are spherical in shape: the sky, clouds, stars, the sun, the moon, rain drops, snowflakes, and even nests of birds. The evolution of life itself begins, comes full circle, and in the end the spirit goes back to where it came from. The four winds represent the power of nature. The power of wind can move, at will, all other basic elements of nature. The four winds are also indicative of breath. We humans, and a lot of other creatures, cannot live without it but for a few minutes. In medicine wheels, the four winds are represented by the four directions: north, south, east, and west. Each direction represents qualities that contribute to spiritual health and harmony. East represents birth, new beginnings, spiritual renewal and development. The south represents growth and youthful energy. The seeds that are planted in the east come to bloom in the south. The west represents the autumn of life and is a place of spiritual vision and transformation. We stand facing west to give thanks to the Great Spirit for all the blessings of life. The west is also where we prepare for the sacred journey; the journey our body takes back to Mother Earth and the journey of our spirit back to the Great Creator or Spirit. North is the direction of wisdom and old age. North is where we examine all of lifes struggles and challenges. We focus on the wisdom of coming full circle with life, the lessons of this world and the cleansing of impurities created by it, all in preparation for the next world. Just as medicine wheels are located in places considered sacred, all healing must take place in a setting that is conducive to healing. Blessing and smudging are essential in making the home or setting where healing is to take place ready. Smudging is taking the ash of foliage such as cedar or sage and rubbing a small amount on all participants of a healing ceremony. Smoke from the burning foliage is allowed to spread through the area and also waved over the heads of the participants. The smoke and scent is believed to help purify the space of toxic and negative energy, feelings, thoughts, and spirits. The smell of nature also invites and welcomes healing power and positive energy. Not all plants are intended for smudging and they vary by tribe. According to Milne and Howard(2000, p. 545, para. 3) Ceremonies may address specific illness and life problems, or they may be prophylactic; they may be intended to ameliorate the cause of suffering, or they may be intended to enhance health, the quality of social relationships, and financial well-being. Praying and chanting is an important ingredient in religious ceremonies as well as healing ceremonies. In traditional Native American, praying begins and ends each and every day. Praying with friends and family is done regularly. Praying heals the spirit and strengthens ones faith. Healing chants are usually performed by close family members who have gathered around a loved one who is seriously ill. Chants are also performed during meditation sessions, pipe ceremonies, and in sweat lodges. Sweat lodges, or purification lodges, are one of the oldest of Native American ceremonies. The sweat lodge is a place of physical and spiritual purification and an occasion to commune with the great forces of nature-earth, water, fire, and air-and the Great Spirit who created them (Cohen, 2003). Participants sweat away illness, pollution and negative thoughts and energy. According to Cohen (2003, p. 257, para. 4), The ceremony is generally divided into four rounds, after each of which the door flap is briefly opened to let unneeded forces out and to allow refreshing energy in. Many attend a sweat lodge ceremony on a weekly basis. It is a place of incredible spiritual rebirth and mental and emotional clarity. In recent years, medical anthropologists have taken a closer look at the traditional medicinal practices of Native Americans, how those practices interact with modern medicine in the United States, and how they are perceived and used by Native Americans. One project that has made incredible strides into understanding these differences is called the Navajo Healing Project. One of the most striking ways in which this complexity is evident is in the large area of Navajo life in which religion and spirituality are intimately entwined with health care and healing. Indeed, healing is the central theme of Navajo religion, while the sacred is the central element in Navajo medicine. Just as Navajos orient themselves geographically within a territory defined by four sacred mountains aligned with the four cardinal points, today they orient themselves medically in a field of vital interaction among four modes of healing: conventional biomedicine, Traditional Navajo healing, Native American Churc h (NAC) healing, and Navajo Christian faith healing (Csordas, 2000, p.463, para. 1). Happiness has always been and will always be the best medicine. While modern physicians focus on the battle for the cure to an illness, native healers feel that it is best for the patient to focus on the positives in ones life-family, love, spiritual health-all the things that bring pure joy to us all. Native healers realize that joy of life is the best medicine and patients should keep their attention drawn towards the gift of life and not towards the repercussions of particular indulgences. It is true that some things are not truly healthy but focusing inward and listening to our inner spirit and letting it guide us is the best way to stay healthy and happy; maybe that is the reason the Great Spirit gave us twice as many ears as mouths. Listening is the key to wisdom and understanding. If only we could merge the ethical values of Native American healers with the technology and science of modern medicine, we might discover a deeper sense of healing and stronger medicine for all peop le.

Creation myth :: Fiona and Shrek

Geoffrey meets Ducky Long before there were human beings, there was Queen Fiona and King Shrek. They lived on an island filled with tropical fruits and jungles called Neverland. King Shrek was the ruler of all the land. He made boundaries to separate land from water, marshes from rain forests, and created islands into regions. King Shrek also created trees to grow crops for the animals. Queen Fiona on the other hand created the most beautiful exotic creatures called the bear, bird, duck, giraffe, tiger, lion, fish, dog, lizard, horse, elephant, frog, cow, deer, chicken, pig, leopard, rhino, squirrels, and many other creatures. In those days there was no sun. All light came from the sparkling white moon shined in the sky that stood in the center of the sky. There was the sky and the moon, but the sun never came out and, far below, an endless stretch of water, wild marshes, exotic jungles, rain forests with fresh green trees growing like grass. Animals roamed every region searching for food and shelter, bu t this lead to brutal and violent fights. Soon Queen Fiona and King Shrek were getting fed up with the animals Nguyen 2 because the animals became enemies to one another, so Queen Fiona and King Shrek decided to create human beings into either man or woman, where peace and kindness with last eternally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One day the Queen Fiona and King Shrek decided to retire due to the chaos of the animals and tried to figure out what animals can represent the man or woman and that animal can become the symbol of life again. It was the hardest decision for the Queen Fiona and King Shrek to choose what animal can stay to lead on the human race to a better and enduring life of happiness. Finally, after days of hard work of searching, they choose the giraffe to represent the males because of the giraffe ability and uniqueness figure can benefit humankind. The giraffe can drink up to 12 gallons of water, sleeps for only 1-12 minutes long, live about 20-25 years long, and travel without stopping. This gives males more dominance because the giraffe is so tall and more alert because they sleep less; they travel without stopping due to the twelve gallon storage in their body. Giraffes are also mellow, but when it comes to being attacked it will have a dangerous side. Creation myth :: Fiona and Shrek Geoffrey meets Ducky Long before there were human beings, there was Queen Fiona and King Shrek. They lived on an island filled with tropical fruits and jungles called Neverland. King Shrek was the ruler of all the land. He made boundaries to separate land from water, marshes from rain forests, and created islands into regions. King Shrek also created trees to grow crops for the animals. Queen Fiona on the other hand created the most beautiful exotic creatures called the bear, bird, duck, giraffe, tiger, lion, fish, dog, lizard, horse, elephant, frog, cow, deer, chicken, pig, leopard, rhino, squirrels, and many other creatures. In those days there was no sun. All light came from the sparkling white moon shined in the sky that stood in the center of the sky. There was the sky and the moon, but the sun never came out and, far below, an endless stretch of water, wild marshes, exotic jungles, rain forests with fresh green trees growing like grass. Animals roamed every region searching for food and shelter, bu t this lead to brutal and violent fights. Soon Queen Fiona and King Shrek were getting fed up with the animals Nguyen 2 because the animals became enemies to one another, so Queen Fiona and King Shrek decided to create human beings into either man or woman, where peace and kindness with last eternally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One day the Queen Fiona and King Shrek decided to retire due to the chaos of the animals and tried to figure out what animals can represent the man or woman and that animal can become the symbol of life again. It was the hardest decision for the Queen Fiona and King Shrek to choose what animal can stay to lead on the human race to a better and enduring life of happiness. Finally, after days of hard work of searching, they choose the giraffe to represent the males because of the giraffe ability and uniqueness figure can benefit humankind. The giraffe can drink up to 12 gallons of water, sleeps for only 1-12 minutes long, live about 20-25 years long, and travel without stopping. This gives males more dominance because the giraffe is so tall and more alert because they sleep less; they travel without stopping due to the twelve gallon storage in their body. Giraffes are also mellow, but when it comes to being attacked it will have a dangerous side.